Vanda 31 Xugong overseas expansion - Bowen Preview

Vanda 31 Xugong overseas expansion June 22, 2010

China Construction Machinery accumulated over several decades, not only in domestic market share continued to expand, even in the technology and services with world-renowned brands continue to draw closer, more valuable, the Mainland has several large companies based on the domestic market, actively planning a grand blueprint for overseas.

2008 since the second half of the financial crisis sweeping the globe, most of the domestic enterprises in the overseas market sales decline, but this did not stop the pace of internationalization of the firm. From high-profile acquisition of CIFA Zoomlion to the highly controversial event in Cologne, Germany Sany advance, to speed up the acquisition of Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group, another way of overseas R & D institutions, all major events highlight the China Construction Machinery vow and international brands of sub-world ambitions.

XCMG, China United, Trinity is in the public mind of construction machinery industry's big three, the three companies \After several years of development, business development from the industry to enhance exports, to seize the international market, to recruit overseas agents, overseas mergers and acquisitions, investment in factories, etc., can be said that the pace of internationalization further and further exciting.

analysis by comparing the three companies of international practice, you can find one thing in common: the focus on overseas mergers and acquisitions together, Xugong emphasis on acquisition of overseas R & D institutions, 31 overseas factories to concentrate on. Their tactics vary, but the way the export of capital are beginning to refresh the product output of the \

is like \
1, the first overseas expansion path, the three companies focused on different:

1) Zoomlion overseas mergers and acquisitions with a strong emphasis on industry competitiveness in foreign companies, through mergers and acquisitions to achieve \\Compared with traditional overseas factories, with the industry through the acquisition of foreign companies with strong capabilities to quickly achieve technical, marketing, human resources integration;

2) Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group to acquire foreign R & D institutions as core strategies, despite the acquisition of Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group overseas R & D is not yet realized, but the strategic plan is very useful guide, learn from other enterprise;

3) more likely to own Sany invest and build factories overseas plant is also a way of expansion, but if not to improve the technology as the core, pure plant expansion will increase operating costs.

2, M & A management, the three companies are different in nature:

1) Zoomlion is good at the capital through the operation of overseas markets and achieve the integration of quality assets overseas. The acquisition of Italian CIFA's case, Zoomlion Joint Hony Capital, Goldman Sachs, Mandarin Fund, cash acquisitions, to complete the full acquisition of CIFA shares. Through the introduction of international and domestic well-known, has extensive investment experience of investors, and Zoomlion complement the management team, not only for the success of the transaction provided a unique ideas, resources and geographical relations, but also help the next play to their strengths, to ensure the integration after the acquisition to be successful implementation;

2) Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group's overseas expansion strategy unified by a group operation, decision-making by the Board after the relevant departments directly subordinate to the operation; < br>
3) and Sany Heavy Industry is a company incorporated in Hong Kong, wholly owned subsidiary of Trinity International Development Co., Ltd., by the whole operation and management of the company's overseas factories. Disadvantages of this model is adding a layer of management structure, as registered in Hong Kong has undoubtedly increased the cost of management. In the management structure of listed companies should tend to flat, vertical oriented, so more conducive to healthy and effective corporate governance. Therefore, the 31 model the effectiveness of the market needs a piece of \

Zoomlion overseas expansion mode

1. overseas market situation

1, overseas sales side. 2007 United Overseas income of more than 1 billion yuan, but there is no overseas distribution. In 2008, only 20% of joint sales from overseas markets, 2010, in conjunction there will be 60% of the sales revenue from overseas markets.

2, sales of geographical areas. Zoomlion already, including Asia, the Americas, Africa, Europe, Oceania and other area and set up a sales and service outlets, committed to service and other parts of the supply of local, set local real sales and service marketing strategies.

3, according to the joint overseas expansion plans, by 2010, Zoomlion built 35 overseas branches, offices, 160 foreign repair stations.

2. expansionary path

1, the domestic market expansion

\Zoomlion growth through its own internal development and external acquisitions combined with strong support for its unconventional development strategy.

since 2001, Zoomlion gradually acquired the United Kingdom Paul Jie, Hunan Machine Tool Works, successful industry, Pu Yuan Group, Shaanxi Xinhuang Engineering, Hunan Axle plant???? especially the 2003 the acquisition of the Pu Yuan Group, the income of 1.173 billion yuan from 2003 to 2004 jumped 33.8 billion yuan, up 188.11 percent.

these serial acquisitions, makes Zoomlion concrete machinery business from the initial project has expanded to the lifting machinery, concrete machinery, sanitation machinery, construction crane, road machinery, earth-moving machinery and other fields, as Currently the most complete product chain engineering machinery enterprises. Zoomlion sales market in 2000 from 2.5 billion yuan in the year 2008, 24.6 billion yuan, profits of more than 3 billion yuan.

2, overseas market expansion

\and after-sales service system. At present, direct investment Zoomlion direction of the main customer service, including marketing, network construction and maintenance services.

taking into account the operation of Chinese enterprises lack of international experience, \Gives the brand perception abroad is \Thus, the major equipment on its own ability to break into the international market is very difficult, and overseas markets high-end products and brand recognition is very high.

the above considerations, I believe that their investment relative to Sany plant, Zoomlion acquisition of overseas companies tend, through digestion and absorption of foreign R & D technology, enterprise management methods, marketing management practices, the establishment of Zoomlion brand awareness, reputation, and create a \open boundaries.

3. Case Analysis

1, \Goldman Sachs, and Mandarin Fund, to invest 271 million euros acquisition of the Italian Competition Law Corporation (CIFA) 100% of the shares. Zoomlion which 162.6 million euros investment, access to CIFA 60% stake. Zoomlion become the largest, second in the world of concrete machinery manufacturer, can be said that this acquisition in conjunction with international journey landmark strategic significance.

merger integration, the two companies in the sales channels, R & D, brands, manufacturing processes, raw materials, parts procurement, capacity utilization on the synergistic effect was obvious.

1) in the sales network, the Alliance and the CIFA will form the domestic market and overseas markets complementary pattern;

2) in the brand, the two brands will meet the different levels of customer demand;

3) in the procurement costs and increase bargaining power in procurement negotiations to expand the size of the procurement will further reduce costs;

4) product technology, CIFA can improve the Union skills and enhance the core competitiveness in the Union;

5) product manufacturing,zero skateboards, large production capacity in the Alliance for CIFA simultaneous increase in size and profits.

2, finance lease

a) Development of Construction Machinery

marketing model in China construction machinery industry is in transition to a new strategy and development opportunities, construction machinery industry The marketing model has a corresponding stage in a transformation. The industry's marketing model are numerous, there are direct sales, agency sales, rental sales, sales mix, as well as in China, start-up financial leasing and network marketing and so on.

development from the developed models of construction machinery market, \Cat's official website shows that Caterpillar Financial Services Limited (CFSC) in global assets under management more than 27 billion U.S. dollars, 60% for the Caterpillar's global financial services clients.

\According to the information that the U.S. construction equipment giant Caterpillar Inc. for more than 60% of the world, more than 80% in the developed areas in order to finance lease sales are conducted in a way. At present, China's construction machinery industry, finance lease rate is only about 8%. Domestic and international financial leasing of construction machinery industry has demonstrated the huge gulf finance lease development prospects.

b) foreign financial leasing Zoomlion create a precedent for overseas finance leases in the United

terms for overseas expansion path in addition to Italy to spend generous CIFA merger, the financial leasing its another way. China's construction machinery industry, Zoomlion This created a precedent for overseas financing lease. The so-called \

in the background of the global financial crisis, the Chinese can make use of their mobility advantage of using the Chinese capital to help the Chinese products to the world, occupying the international market. Zoomlion use in the Chinese banking system, good credit, strong financial institutions in China with the liquidity advantage, raise funds, and actively promote the global finance lease service system, provided by the target market, financial leasing and other financial services to achieve on equipment sales and Acting.

in the context of the financial crisis, financial leasing of construction machinery is even more to show its advantages.

finance lease sales in the traditional stage, the mortgage business and operating leases based on the sales of a new credit model, not only a great lack of funds or to meet liquidity needs of customers, and expand Sales of construction machinery market, so that \

the same time, in recent years, the domestic construction machinery enterprises have a lot of its production capacity expanded. But the sudden financial crisis in market demand suddenly reduced, resulting in the fate of these new capacity was idle. In this case, the construction machinery business by way of finance leases reduces the downstream firm's use of the cost of excess capacity for enterprises to find a quick exit. Construction machinery enterprises choose to use the sale of finance lease sales model can be extended so as to achieve the purpose of expanding market share. For those larger, more abundant cash flow of construction machinery enterprises, financing of leasing companies set up their own meaning is self-evident. Such as the Alliance,south indian cooking, XCMG, three first-class engineering machinery companies have their own leasing companies.

Xugong overseas expansion mode

2. overseas market situation

1, overseas sales side. Xu workers broke through to 2008 the export 800 million U.S. dollars, in 2009 exports will try to reach one billion U.S. dollars.

2, sales of geographical areas. XCMG vigorously implement export-led international development strategy, products have been sold to more than 130 countries and regions worldwide, over 60 overseas agents.

3, at present, only two XCMG overseas assembly plant, assembly plant in Poland in December 6, 2008 completed the second half of production in 2009. Recently set up assembly plant in Brazil may be, will be officially put into operation in 2010.

Xugong the next few years will increase by 20 overseas distributors and five overseas spare parts centers. To achieve this goal, Xuzhou Construction Machinery Group is stepping up implementation of \

3. expansionary path

present, the main route Xugong overseas expansion include increasing the overseas distributors, construction, spare parts centers overseas to speed up factories abroad, acquisition of overseas R & D institutions.

contrast, Xugong more attention to foreign R & D acquisition. Although XCMG acquisition of a foreign R & D is not yet achieved, but great reference for the strategic plan.

4. Case Analysis

2008 年 12 6, Xugong first overseas assembly plant in Lodz province lowicz city completed the second half of 2009, production is expected to . XCMG Polish assembly plant construction area of about 5,000 square meters, mainly used for assembly Xugong loaders, hydraulic pressure machine, tile machine and other products.

2009, Poland will implement a 5 billion euros of infrastructure expansion, Xu assembly plant in Poland, the completion of work the right time. XCMG to expand the plant on the European market share and improve the competitiveness of products is important.

Sany

an overseas expansion mode. overseas market situation

31 Group has 15 subsidiaries overseas, more than 1,300 sales and service personnel overseas year round To provide products and services to customers worldwide. To date, 31 total exports of more than one billion U.S. dollars. 31 In the United States, India, Germany, 3 R & D center and production base construction is intense. Currently 31 have been completed and 15 in the global logistics center, parts warehouse as the core of the logistics system and service support system is forming.

2.

Sany expansion path through the development of overseas agents, financial leasing, overseas mergers and acquisitions, initially established a global manufacturing and sales system. In contrast, Sany more emphasis on foreign direct investment in manufacturing R & D base.

Sany registered in Hong Kong formed a wholly-owned subsidiary of Trinity International Development Co., Ltd., by the whole operation and management of the company's overseas factories. Relevant information, the Ministry of Commerce on July 27, 2007 formally approved the agreement Sany Heavy Industry in Hong Kong, \

Sany's overseas expansion model is unique, the shortcomings of this model is to add another layer of management structure, as registered in Hong Kong has undoubtedly increased the cost of management. In the management structure of listed companies should tend to flat, vertical oriented, so more conducive to healthy and effective corporate governance.

3. Case Analysis

1, Case 1: Sany Heavy Industry India plant

2007 year, Sany Heavy Industry India investment 60 million U.S. dollars in construction machinery production base , a Chinese-funded enterprises far the biggest in the Indian direct investment;

Sany Heavy Industry to invest in India, the industry alike. It is understood that the next few years will invest 30 billion U.S. dollars in India build 12 highways, and 3.2 billion plan to transform the railway, two billion U.S. dollars to build the port. India to statistics, in recent years, India's construction equipment sales in between 15-20 billion dollars, the future of construction machinery market in India is expected to maintain an average annual growth of more than 20%. Based on this background, Sany Heavy Industry is expected to increase investment in India will soon be rewarded. Indian market is in rapid development, Sany Heavy Industry has to grab opportunities.

2, Case 2: Sany U.S. investment

2007 年 9 months, Sany Heavy Industry and the U.S. government signed a memorandum of Georgia, plans to invest 60 million U.S. dollars new construction machinery factory. The project is the largest of Hunan Investment in the United States, 31 has become China's first plant in the United States to establish machinery manufacturing enterprises.

3, Case 3: Sany Germany plant

2009 年 1 29, Sany Heavy Industry and the German North Rhine-Westphalia government signed an investment agreement to fund the 100 million euros in Cologne Construction of 31 European machinery manufacturing base. After completion, the annual sales income of 350 million euros, gross profit of 48.02 million euros.

SANY that the product chassis, pumps, engines and other major parts procurement mainly from Europe, the company set up manufacturing base in Europe and in local sales, you can save high costs for transportation. However, the Sany Heavy Industry in the United States and Germany invest and build factories, a potential problem is: relative to saving transportation costs under, Sany Heavy Industry plant in Germany, the investment cost is very high, it may be difficult to achieve the desired earnings target.

United State of Pop 2009 Blame It On The Pop - Bowen Preview

United State of Pop 2009: Blame It On The Pop 16 hours ago

United State of Pop 2009: Blame It On The Pop-DJ Earworm

This is the beginning of this year began a rapid spurt of red pop song,easy indian recipes, there was a kind of refreshing feeling to listen to,indian curry recipes, can also make people feel very familiar, because it is the first N-2009, the U.S. pop way through a unique mix mix together. Just in the computer pulls the song, may still be very enjoyable!


curiosity led me to hard to remember which was mixed every song. While listening to each of the capital have a familiar feel, but to really remember the name of all is not easy. I look over and over again MV, then through other people's help, finally found inside most of the songs, if there are any omissions, trouble you to make up (I feel that we should not slip through the net, and not say, but not for negligence ).


Also, since this log is my own written standard has to be improved, such as some songs feat. version Gaode not be very accurate (I read other information on all ), there are many places are their own shot in the dark, purely subjective assumption. Therefore, assessment of both accuracy and depth, or less still in development stage, we would do wrong ......( reproduced everywhere, quietly told me that sound)


Here be mixed for more than 20 songs, top ten is my personal preference is probably a bit row name.


1.The Black Eyed Peas? I Gotta Feeling


exceptionally strong sense of rhythm, the lyrics are very \

2.Lady Gaga (feat.Colby O'Donis) - Just Dance


contact with CF when I just listen to Just Dance is the side edge to play, so I am very deep impression of the song on the new Gaga also given enough attention (but I really did not think she was Rockets will be the same as sitting rapid burst of red in the world ......)


3.Jay Sean (feat.Lil Wayne) - Down


ago seemingly heard Jay is Indian-American, and this song really seems to some Indian music elements in there (I feel like I have not heard any Indian song ah

< br>
). In short, the feeling is different.


4.Lady Gaga - Poker Face


is Gaga ...... see her progress fast. In the first half of 2008 or the music of unknown junior United States, just over a year, there are several songs Airborne Billboard's top ten. No way, this is the Gaga Queen ......


5.The Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow


Black Eyed Peas song interesting is the year 2009, the total list of the first Billboard!


6.Taylor Swift - Love Story


should be very few people have not heard this song right. Shanghai World Expo was broadcast over the radio in the song, and it was also broadcast with Lenka's The Show, shows his \

7.Jason Marz - I'm Yours


looks like the middle section is a ventriloquist sound \

8.Miley Cyrus - The Climb


very much like the first inspirational song!


9.TI (feat.Justin Timberlake) - Dead And Gone


TI is a rapper, a very characteristic, he had worked with Keri Hilson's got your back is pretty.


10.Kings Of Leon - Use Somebody


like the kind of changes, voice Leon King ......


10.Keri Hilson (feat.Kanye West & Ne-yo) - Knock You Down


beginning feat. done a good job


10.Flo Rida - Right Round


10.Kanye West - Heartless


(not below the rank)


14.Beyonce - Single Ladies (Put A Ring On It)


tone looks like a little excitement too far, just beginning to enter the high tide, heart disease s sure to be fainting in the past, if i were a boy is feeling.


15.The All-American Rejects - Gives You Hell


16.Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me


17.-The Fray - You Found Me


18.Jamie Foxx (feat.T-Pain) - Blame It


19.Pitbull - I Know You Want Me (Calle Ocho)


20.TI (feat.Rihanna) - Live Your Life


21.SouljaBoy (feat.Sammie) - Kiss Me Thru The Phone


22.Drake - Best I Ever Had


23.Kelly Clarkson - My Life Would Suck Without You


24.Beyonce - Halo


25.Katy Perry - Hot n Cold


expect United State of Pop 2010!


really admire DJ Earworm, not only the music sounds perfect, well-edited video is doing so well in place, without the slightest sense unexpected.

_______ Long Xiu Xiu ° _, my years of reflections on Nov. 28, 2008 br br 【Memories】 br br 10 in 1

lifetime probably can not learn online. Flash decades have passed,easy indian recipes, then think about the idea of really good naive, that there was too much of these things, our memories.

【Memories】

1999 Macao day, our family at home watching TV, and the return of Hong Kong, as has been guarding all watching the whole process.

【Memories】

1000 2000, the year of

【Memories】

2001 Olympic bid is successful

【Memories 2002 】

my grandfather 80 birthday

【Memories】

2003 national fight against SARS

【Memories】

2004 India recalls the tsunami

【2005】

spacecraft success

【2006】

recall my memories of adults had

【 2007】

Golden Week is not a

【Memories】

home in 2008 earthquake, deep feelings

reflections of my wonderful years of it,zero skateboards, Click here You can also write reflections, light years icon

QQ proxy IP Address Daquan - Bowen Preview

QQ proxy IP address Daquan June 22, 2010

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200.223.206.78:8080 $ 6 & 968,5703,5703 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.223.233.62:3128 $ 6 & 718,2687,2687 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.238.81.39:3128 $ 6 & 906,2938,2938 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.238.83.49:3128 $ 6 & 906,6906,6906 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.245.253.173:3128 $ 6 & 1157,3860,3860 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.247.169.214:3128 $ 6 & 937,3875,3953 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.251.153.60:80 $ 6 & 1110,7797,9031 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.251.153.60:3128 $ 6 & 1110,6844,6875 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


200.254.95.22:3128 $ 6 & 782,2094,2094 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.0.209.120:8080 $ 6 & 797,6782,6782 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.3.137.59:8080 $ 6 & 781,2813,2813 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.6.115.41:8081 $ 6 & 750,1859,2765 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.7.98.18:3128 $ 6 & 1703,6000,6000 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.12.128.50:3128 $ 6 & 734,2766,2766 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.12.130.70:3128 $ 6 & 1640,3765,3765 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.15.105.230:80 $ 6 & 921,2953,2953 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.15.105.230:3128 $ 6 & 921,5937,5937 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.16.145.69:3128 $ 6 & 3937,5093,5109 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.16.244.186:3128 $ 6 & 922,8906,8906 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.17.74.228:3128 $ 6 & 922,4125,4141 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.18.12.26:3128 $ 6 & 890,5000,5906 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.18.12.26:68664 $ 6 & 860,1969,1969 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.18.52.154:6588 $ 6 & 5110,12938,14141 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.18.141.157:3128 $ 6 & 844,2859,2859 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.20.18.165:3128 $ 6 & 828,1906,1906 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.30.44.2:3128 $ 6 & 750,1844,1844 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.30.95.90:3128 $ 6 & 766,1891,1954 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.31.148.66:8080 $ 6 & 750,1984,2000 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.35.207.195:3128 $ 6 & 891,7719,7719 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.36.178.77:3128 $ 6 & 3719,8016,8703 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.38.240.167:3128 $ 6 & 671,1984,1984 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.39.92.130:8080 $ 6 & 672,2703,2906 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.39.147.140:3128 $ 6 & 9656,10985,11000 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.43.0.250:8080 $ 6 & 984,2922,3187 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.45.155.162:3128 $ 6 & 984,3906,3906 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.45.216.115:80 $ 6 & 968,2937,2937 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.45.216.115:3128 $ 6 & 968,2937,2937 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.54.33.35:3128 $ 6 & 1110,16000,16188 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.62.130.9:3128 $ 6 & 1812,5812,5812 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.63.151.122:3128 $ 6 & 843,1984,2000 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.64.105.32:3128 $ 6 & 969,3781,3781 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.64.105.33:3128 $ 6 & 875,12797,12813 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.64.105.38:3128 $ 6 & 1828,4813,4813 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.64.156.82:8080 $ 6 & 828,1828,1828 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.65.121.124:3128 $ 6 & 1094,4797,4797 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.65.182.199:3128 $ 6 & 813,1813,1813 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.68.6.96:8080 $ 6 & 828,3047,3078 # Sao Paulo, Brazil


201.72.179.130:3128 $ 6 & 797,14735,15844 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.72.255.66:8080 $ 6 & 984,5937,6828 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.73.184.161:3128 $ 6 & 766,2687,2687 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.73.214.4:80 $ 6 & 984,5671,5671 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.76.211.246:3128 $ 6 & 719,1875,2672 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.77.182.103:3128 $ 6 & 1687,4625,4625 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.77.182.103:3129 $ 6 & 1687,4640,15937 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.80.148.205:3128 $ 6 & 3187,15125,15125 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.87.126.81:3128 $ 6 & 890,2843,2843 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.88.202.146:3128 $ 6 & 3844,5828,5844 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.88.205.35:3128 $ 6 & 875,3812,3812 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.88.254.242:3128 $ 6 & 859,5844,5984 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.89.168.155:3128 $ 6 & 1109,4922,4969 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.89.219.194:3128 $ 6 & 3984,7781,9781 # American and Central / south (IANA)


201.134.185.163:3128 $ 6 & 750,7734,7734 # Mexico QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.155.193.7:3128 $ 6 & 3703,7734,7734 # Mexico QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.217.49.57:3128 $ 6 & 766,2688,2703 # Paraguay QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.218.17.210:8080 $ 6 & 735,1735,1735 # Ecuador QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.218.41.198:80 $ 6 & 719,1735,1735 # Ecuador QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.218.41.198:8080 $ 6 & 719,1735,1735 # Ecuador QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.218.44.245:3128 $ 6 & 703,1937,1937 # Ecuador QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.222.102.90:8080 $ 6 & 1921,7140,7218 # Bolivia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.228.158.154:3128 $ 6 & 953,2938,2953 # Colombia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.232.27.204:3128 $ 6 & 922,4219,4219 # Colombia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.232.115.191:3128 $ 6 & 922,4906,4906 # Colombia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.236.80.197:3128 $ 6 & 875,4938,4938 # Chile QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.236.198.126:8080 $ 6 & 907,3891,3907 # Colombia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.238.222.93:3128 $ 6 & 875,5000,5000 # Chile QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.243.241.177:3128 $ 6 & 875,2984,2984 # Venezuela QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.245.125.42:3128 $ 6 & 844,1875,1891 # Colombia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


201.245.191.80:3128 $ 6 & 844,7828,7828 # Colombia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.27.76.121:8089 $ 6 & 719,1719,1719 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan New Zealand


202.28.38.32:8080 $ 6 & 687,1687,1687 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.28.117.73:8088 $ 6 & 687,1031,1687 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.43.65.166:3128 $ 6 & 3953,11282,11282 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.43.145.116:8088 $ 6 & 31,94,94 #,zero skateboards, Beijing World Link


202.44.53.40:3128 $ 6 & 906,8078,8078 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.44.65.8:8080 $ 6 & 3203,4906,4906 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.51.105.10:80 $ 6 & 906,6875,6875 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.51.105.10:3128 $ 6 & 906,4906,4906 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.51.107.34:8080 $ 6 & 3875,5031,5031 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.55.45.132:9415 $ 6 & 62,859,859 # Region


202.57.6.92:8080 $ 6 & 1828,4828,4828 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.58.161.34:8080 $ 6 & 109,3906,3906 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.68.179.218:3128 $ 6 & 1718,5031,5687 # Singapore WEBSATMEDIA


202.69.8.63:8080 $ 6 & 687,1718,1718 # Pakistan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.69.45.211:8080 $ 6 & 687,1718,2656 # Pakistan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.69.97.186:8080 $ 6 & 1860,11703,14750 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.69.139.198:8080 $ 6 & 140,1000,1000 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.72.215.147:3128 $ 6 & 187,3953,3953 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.72.221.126:80 $ 6 & 9187,17047,17047 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.82.119.17:65208 $ 6 & 125,17985,17985 # Region


202.83.160.44:8080 $ 6 & 891,2875,2875 # Pakistan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.94.233.141:80 $ 6 & 62,5953,5969 # Region


202.95.129.5:8080 $ 6 & 125,922,922 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.95.133.14:8080 $ 6 & 937,12062,12171 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.108.22.5:80 $ 6 & 32,672,672 #, Beijing, Baidu Inc.


202.108.50.67:80 $ 6 & 47,688,688 # Beijing Unicom ADSL


202.111.189.159:80 $ 6 & 641,5844,5844 # Changchun City, Jilin Province, China Unicom


202.116.160.89:80 $ 6 & 32,938,938 # South China Agricultural University, QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.123.231.66:3127 $ 6 & 1000,4953,5984 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.123.231.125:3128 $ 6 & 953,7953,7953 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.123.231.125:8080 $ 6 & 937,4218,4218 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.126.124.90:8080 $ 6 & 3891,4938,4938 # Bangladesh QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.129.188.6:8080 $ 6 & 875,7875,7875 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.129.191.5:8080 $ 6 & 844,2172,2875 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.131.123.226:3128 $ 6 & 844,11969,12906 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.133.50.203:8080 $ 6 & 828,1969,4844 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.133.53.194:3128 $ 6 & 812,4859,11922 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.137.136.137:8080 $ 6 & 812,2781,2781 # Lao QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.138.180.198:80 $ 6 & 766,4031,4031 # Philippines, Ateneo University


202.138.242.47:8080 $ 6 & 750,7141,7141 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.141.127.162:3128 $ 6 & 765,10875,10875 # Australia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.143.129.201:8080 $ 6 & 734,6766,6766 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.143.140.250:8080 $ 6 & 719,6766,6766 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.143.146.205:8080 $ 6 & 718,8765,8765 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.143.161.53:8080 $ 6 & 687,2687,2687 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.145.3.54:8080 $ 6 & 953,1984,1984 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.148.12.211:3128 $ 6 & 281,1015,1031 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.148.12.242:3128 $ 6 & 171,5156,5156 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.149.24.216:80 $ 6 & 906,13016,13016 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.149.67.82:8080 $ 6 & 266,10985,10985 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.149.67.97:8080 $ 6 & 266,11203,11969 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.150.74.44:80 $ 6 & 219,1172,1172 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.150.74.44:3128 $ 6 & 204,9985,10969 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.153.38.102:3128 $ 6 & 828,1828,1828 # Jakarta, Indonesia


202.153.226.146:8080 $ 6 & 781,1796,1796 # Jakarta, Indonesia


202.153.229.146:8080 $ 6 & 781,1781,3828 # Jakarta, Indonesia


202.158.56.212:80 $ 6 & 765,1969,3781 # CBN network in Indonesia


202.159.223.50:3128 $ 6 & 3843,14859,14859 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.159.223.52:3128 $ 6 & 796,2828,2828 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.164.208.50:8080 $ 6 & 3781,11828,11828 # Bangladesh QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.168.237.62:8080 $ 6 & 703,2703,2703 # Bangladesh QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.171.42.7:3128 $ 6 & 3718,21640,21640 # Malaysia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.182.62.98:8080 $ 6 & 2219,13063,15953 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan Indonesia


202.186.33.170:80 $ 6 & 281,1937,1937 # Malaysia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.187.17.5:3128 $ 6 & 234,984,984 # Malaysia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


202.239.242.75:8080 $ 6 & 78,828,828 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan Japan


203.30.254.186:3128 $ 6 & 797,1156,1156 # Sydney, Australia


203.55.197.18:3128 $ 6 & 750,1781,1781 # Australia Dromana Secondary College


203.83.166.121:8080 $ 6 & 10047,14984,14984 # Bangladesh QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.109.117.245:3128 $ 6 & 3922,5047,5047 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.113.120.250:3128 $ 6 & 141,969,1922 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.115.209.4:8090 $ 6 & 813,18891,18907 # Malaysia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.120.45.40:3128 $ 6 & 812,2812,2812 # Singapore QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.122.157.67:3128 $ 6 & 781,1859,3969 # Australia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.122.157.67:8080 $ 6 & 781,4937,6844 # Australia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.128.79.3:8080 $ 6 & 985,5813,5813 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.128.88.196:8080 $ 6 & 703,1734,1734 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.131.229.171:3128 $ 6 & 31,10047,10062 # Oi Kwan Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong SAR HKNet Co., Ltd.


203.142.66.126:8080 $ 6 & 3953,5031,6000 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.148.84.26:3128 $ 6 & 906,3906,3906 # APNIC QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.148.85.131:3128 $ 6 & 1093,8937,8937 # APNIC QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.153.25.202:8080 $ 6 & 3860,4953,4969 # APNIC QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.153.29.238:8080 $ 6 & 860,1875,1875 # APNIC QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.153.42.60:3128 $ 6 & 875,3859,3859 # APNIC QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.154.202.5:3128 $ 6 & 859,14828,14828 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.168.210.55:9415 $ 6 & 3703,4796,4796 # Region


203.172.224.98:3128 $ 6 & 860,2860,2860 # Thailand QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.175.73.137:8080 $ 6 & 906,2875,2875 # Pakistan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.175.74.162:3128 $ 6 & 906,2875,2875 # Pakistan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.177.74.141:8080 $ 6 & 9797,24812,24812 # QQ proxy IP address of the Philippines, Daquan


203.178.133.2:3124 $ 6 & 859,2047,2047 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan Japan


203.178.133.2:3127 $ 6 & 844,4844,4844 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan Japan


203.178.133.2:3128 $ 6 & 844,2047,2047 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan Japan


203.178.133.2:68660 $ 6 & 844,2829,2829 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan Japan


203.185.38.211:9415 $ 6 & 781,1781,1921 # Region


203.187.114.226:9415 $ 6 & 875,4875,4875 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.199.50.19:8080 $ 6 & 750,2718,2718 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.199.215.111:8080 $ 6 & 750,2860,2860 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.208.31.160:3128 $ 6 & 94,953,953 # QQ proxy IP address of the Philippines, Daquan


203.211.132.46:3128 $ 6 & 922,1906,1906 # Singapore QQ proxy IP address Daquan


203.218.70.11:9415 $ 6 & 781,3750,3750 # Region


203.222.11.20:9415 $ 6 & 1047,2016,2016 # Taiwan power company places large numbers forever


203.223.239.27:9415 $ 6 & 63,3906,3906 # Region


204.8.64.182:80 $ 6 & 907,5047,5047 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.11.152.181:3128 $ 6 & 3828,4781,4781 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan U.S.


204.12.229.20:3128 $ 6 & 844,7719,7719 # U.S. QQ proxy IP address Daquan


204.42.255.185:8008 $ 6 & 828,3813,4703 # Australia TELSTAR company


204.56.0.137:3127 $ 6 & 797,1843,1843 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.56.0.137:3128 $ 6 & 797,1828,1828 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.56.0.137:68660 $ 6 & 797,1828,1828 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.114.12.157:80 $ 6 & 734,5640,5640 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.114.12.157:8080 $ 6 & 3156,22890,22890 # United States / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.116.54.142:8085 $ 6 & 1954,3172,3172 # United States / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.210.185.129:8085 $ 6 & 922,2922,2922 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


204.236.201.103:9000 $ 6 & 797,2781,2781 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


206.53.252.104:80 $ 6 & 922,2907,2907 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


206.117.37.4:3127 $ 6 & 157,1891,1891 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


206.224.254.0:80 $ 6 & 828,1844,1844 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


206.224.254.10:80 $ 6 & 828,1844,1844 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


206.224.254.11:80 $ 6 & 813,1813,1813 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


206.255.69.196:8085 $ 6 & 4734,12859,12875 # United States / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


207.32.49.133:8085 $ 6 & 797,2703,2703 # U.S. QQ proxy IP address Daquan


207.44.255.162:3128 $ 6 & 3813,22922,22922 # Houston, Texas


207.44.255.163:80 $ 6 & 3813,18844,21063 # Houston, Texas


207.44.255.163:8080 $ 6 & 875,5828,5828 # Houston, Texas


207.44.255.164:80 $ 6 & 3812,17968,17968 # Houston, Texas


207.44.255.164:3128 $ 6 & 3812,9875,9875 # Houston, Texas


207.44.255.166:80 $ 6 & 3797,17922,17922 # Houston, Texas


207.44.255.166:3128 $ 6 & 3781,9844,9844 # Houston, Texas


208.77.151.84:80 $ 6 & 281,4266,4266 # U.S. QQ proxy IP address Daquan


208.89.209.155:80 $ 6 & 218,16922,16922 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan U.S.


208.89.209.155:8080 $ 6 & 218,19015,19015 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan U.S.


208.96.213.149:80 $ 6 & 3266,22922,22922 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan U.S.


208.115.219.10:3245 $ 6 & 203,1031,1031 # U.S. QQ proxy IP address Daquan


208.178.94.93:8080 $ 6 & 750,1765,1765 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


208.188.3.9:80 $ 6 & 688,1641,1641 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


208.188.3.9:3128 $ 6 & 688,5688,5688 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


209.88.103.201:3128 $ 6 & 766,11797,11813 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan U.S.


209.107.217.164:80 $ 6 & 703,1688,1688 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


209.162.14.246:8090 $ 6 & 671,2625,2625 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


209.193.24.216:8080 $ 6 & 235,1078,1078 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


209.221.47.54:8888 $ 6 & 9984,16953,16953 # United States / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


209.239.120.17:3128 $ 6 & 828,3235,3235 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


209.239.120.248:3128 $ 6 & 235,5938,5938 # U.S. / Canada proxy IP address Daquan QQ


210.2.140.138:8080 $ 6 & 829,1860,1860 # Pakistan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.4.72.146:3128 $ 6 & 1047,3860,3954 # Bangladesh QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.5.214.92:8080 $ 6 & 1828,14094,14109 # Region


210.6.12.158:9415 $ 6 & 63,813,813 # Region


210.6.25.62:9415 $ 6 & 47,3828,3828 # Region


210.6.156.238:9415 $ 6 & 609,828,828 # Region


210.6.193.106:9415 $ 6 & 47,4031,4031 # Region


210.17.151.246:3128 $ 6 & 78,875,875 # Region


210.43.128.18:3128 $ 6 & 31,797,797 #, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, North China Institute of Water Resources


210.57.209.130:80 $ 6 & 750,4812,4812 # Indonesia QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.59.67.115:9415 $ 6 & 812,2015,2031 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.64.253.57:3128 $ 6 & 719,1141,1766 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.70.69.8:3128 $ 6 & 719,6015,6015 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.79.211.218:80 $ 6 & 703,8781,9750 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.79.211.218:8080 $ 6 & 687,5812,12750 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.82.49.51:3128 $ 6 & 3031,3078,3078 # Beijing Unicom ADSL


210.143.100.50:3128 $ 6 & 140,968,968 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan Japan


210.192.17.116:3128 $ 6 & 3204,4063,4063 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.192.17.132:3128 $ 6 & 141,891,891 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.212.53.69:8080 $ 6 & 828,3172,3172 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.212.148.35:80 $ 6 & 781,11860,11860 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.212.164.163:3128 $ 6 & 781,2765,2765 # QQ proxy IP address Daquan India


210.212.170.226:3128 $ 6 & 765,2765,2765 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.212.214.184:8080 $ 6 & 718,2703,2703 # India QQ proxy IP address Daquan


210.245.85.219:8080 $ 6 & 62,10078,11015 # Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City


211.20.200.38:3128 $ 6 & 906,3250,3250 # Chunghwa Telecom, Taiwan


211.69.26.169:808 $ 6 & 141,844,844 # Pingdingshan City of Pingdingshan


211.72.110.188:3128 $ 6 & 1844,5953,5969 # Chunghwa Telecom, Taiwan


211.76.78.224:9415 $ 6 & 109,797,797 # Taiwan QQ proxy IP address Daquan


211.99.250.208:3128 $ 6 & 687,859,875 # 263 Network Communications, Beijing


211.138.124.196:80 $ 6 & 62,10016,10016 # Zhejiang Mobile (province Universal)


211.138.124.196:8080 $ 6 & 0,906,906 # Zhejiang Mobile (province Universal)


211.138.124.197:80 $ 6 & 62,1265,1265 # Zhejiang Mobile (province Universal)


211.138.124.197:8080 $ 6 & 15,921,937 # Zhejiang Mobile (province Universal)


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Outside the United States - Bowen Preview

Outside the United States 13 hours ago

earliest primitive art

about 1 million years ago in southern Europe interrupt



the earliest human civilizations
< br> 2 years ago at about break

West Asia? North Africa



classical ancient Greek, Roman Renaissance, neo-classical

romantic < br>
Impressionism Realism



all modern schools

foreign art history of this chart is a big framework, the various countries and regions, all age artists and works are in the framework of the corresponding position.

Chapter prehistoric art and ancient art

(a) focus on control

1. classical Greek art aesthetic features during Booming:

\simple and serene was the great \Classical Greek art advocate idealism and realism style of the principle of combining art, when the building

architecture and sculpture, most perfectly embodies the ideal of ancient Greek art. Classical architecture exudes harmony, clear, dignified and breath; classical sculpture filled with a solemn, beautiful, harmonious, lively atmosphere,

with a strong idealism.

2. and the phases of ancient Greek art of the representative works of art:

① geometric patterns of the period: the end of Peron vases.

② Archaic Period: Bottle Painting \ Architecture \ sculpture

a. \
b. drawing style black and red painted-style vases arts;

c. The typical Greek temple style \

③ classical

a. early Classical: Delphi's Yu who, Discus, spear persons;

b. Classical Flourishing Period: This period of construction and the sculpture is most perfectly embodied the ideal of ancient Greek art. Acropolis of the most representative buildings and sculpture. Pat Shannon Acropolis from the temple, the temple Weng E Ruike

Intuit, Mountain Gate, Victory Goddess Temple composition;

c. classical late: the emergence of new types and old buildings A third important pillar of Greece. Three outstanding sculptor. Head, cnidus nova's 阿芙洛狄黛, scraping dirt Han sculptures of athletes for

products.

④

a. Hellenistic city of Pergamum: Zeus altar;

b. Rhode Island School: Laocoon group portrait;

c. Athens: Demosthenes;

d. Alexandria: Nubian boy, pulling a thorn juvenile;

e. Greek mainland: the Venus de Milo, Samo Thracian goddess of victory.

(b) the master

1. cave art of the meaning, function and inner meaning.

① meaning of cave art: European art was the late Palaeolithic. Mainly refers to painted rock walls in caves deep in paintings, but also, where the relief found in other works. West

northern Spain and southern France, is the cave art of meet.

② cave art features and the inherent meanings: academia has always had many interpretations, some considered to be a primitive tribal totem worship; Some believe that hunting with primitive men to pray for success for the
< br> witchcraft activities; also notes the role of stress. Explanations are based on certain facts, but are not summarized all of any significance.

③ Altamira cave: Spain engineers Suotewula and her daughter in 1879 in the mountains of northern Spain, found a hole about 300 meters, the famous prehistoric cave paintings will be painted
< br> at the top of the main tunnel. Mural painted more than 20 animals, realistic approach, lines concise, vivid, the most successful artistic images full of vibrant vitality to the number of bison strong. Alta Mira

late Paleolithic cave paintings of the European art and the Peak.

2. Egypt's Old Kingdom art classes and features:

① pyramid:

pyramid as a pharaoh's tomb has undergone a gradual evolution. Early Masitaba is a mud-brick building with a low-profile construction; later grand magnificent cone angle for pyramid generation of

. Qiao Saier Wang trapezoidal pyramids of ancient Egypt's first pyramid in history. The most famous pyramids of Giza. Khufu pyramid in which the size of the most ambitious, nearly 150 meters high.

pyramid structure is simple, simple, solid. In the outline of the sky, the great pyramid of body volume and an oasis in the desert together, realize the full nature of human creativity and the exchange

flow, also reflects a majestic, eternal and mysterious times gas atmosphere.

pyramid in front of \

② Sculpture:

Pharaoh as general as hard rock with a texture of materials, production on the follow strict and systematic work processes, forming the so-called \standing or sitting, will have a positive

front of the audience, keeping the head and body straight state. \

nobles, officials and workers sculpture Although programmed using a strict production methods, but compared to Pharaoh sculpture to be more vivid, natural and close to real life. Such as \

③ tomb reliefs and paintings:

both horizontal painting by cascading with the form. Screen size and position of characters is not required under the perspective of treatment, but by the social status of inferiority or superiority to decide; the modeling follows the eyes, shoulder

positive chest, face, legs and hands to the side of the practice. The principle of man be colored red-brown, and women with pale yellow. Such as murals, \sex.

3. Egypt's New Kingdom Art's new style:

art during the New Kingdom of Egypt was one of unprecedented prosperity, in many ways have been away from the traditional form of norms, but show distinct characteristics of the times. This is an expression of human-oriented, warm and calm

, more humane style of art, and specifications subject to more stringent control of the traditional art form of rigid, rigid style of considerable distinction. This time,zero skateboards, artists have more creative freedom

the courage to faithfully reflect the true colors of life. Such as \

4. Roman Republic, the achievements in the field of construction technology:

Roman building techniques in the field of creative achievements made in technology for the arch and concrete.

5. the Roman Empire in the building on the achievements:

① the Roman Empire, the early and mid-construction:

a. Public Building: overhead transmission pipes, Kolo Sim Colosseum;

b. Temple: Rome, Pantheon;

c. monuments: Titus Arc de Triomphe, Trajan column of Merits;

d. civil construction: \

② Late Imperial Roman architecture:

a. Arch of Constantine;

b. Diocletian Palace;

c. Jun士坦丁巴西 Lika.

6. religious art in India's influence:

in the subcontinent, isolation, natural boundaries, alien invasion and the continuing ethnic composition of complex formation of a unique Indian culture. India is like a museum, bringing together a variety of beliefs, habits

customs, religion, Indian art has become a religious interpretation and communicators, complex sense of the content of infiltrators. With the rise and fall of various religions, replacement, India launched a style of art

course of evolution. Indian art is essentially religious, aesthetic experience and religious experience seamless.

India is primarily the religion of Buddhism and Hinduism. 3rd century BC Asoka era, revered as the state religion of Buddhism, Buddhist art from becoming more prosperous, until the 7th century to make way for India

teach art.

7. Japan's representative and the representative works of painting:

① birds to the Golden Years of Age (6-9 century): Wood Lacquer painting is representative of \century);

② Teng original period to the Muromachi period (10-16 century)

Teng original style typical of the times \portrayal of the Japanese landscape of Japanese painting;

drawing rolls: \words painted words \

③ Momoyama, Edo period (16-19 century)

Kano sent representatives of Kano Yongde;

Chinese Painting artists such as Peter Hasegawa's \;

Koetsu Lin were sent up to light to create the Japan and the United States, light Lin's masterpiece \influential is Katsushika Hokusai, the representative of \shape. Dome shape is combined with a simple geometry. The highest achievements of Islamic architecture is the mosque. Towering mosque minaret is a symbol

. Utusan, holy shrines, preaching station, Fountain is the most basic part of the mosque.

Islamic architecture itself is not purely fixed-style, decorative fan Korea is the most complex features typical. Generally use two forms of decoration. One is decorated the building structure itself, with the exposed end

construction method for arch skeleton exposed, the United States to produce a composition, or changes in arch patterns. The other is the wall decoration, using a variety of materials, veneer. Decorative patterns from geometric patterns, animal and plant patterns pattern

changes to the text infinite. In the flat surface, by successive color contrast and patterns, gives a visual impression of infinite change, the entire building seamless.

(c) to understand

1. man's first artistic activities of the time, type and representative of Paleolithic art.

① man's first artistic activities in the late Paleolithic, about 3.5 million years ago to between 10,000 years. Currently found in the late Paleolithic art can be divided into two kinds of foreign

Type: cave art and small sculpture.

② arts include cave paintings, such as the Lascaux Cave, Altamira cave, cave painting three brothers holes, etc.; relief, such as France, \

③ small sculptures in Austria \

2. in the Stone Age art relics:

remains, including the Nordic and Spanish Levant region rock art, masterpieces are \Archer. \

3. Neolithic megaliths and pottery achievements:

① megaliths: Britain Stonehenge stone circle;

② Pottery: sleek, many patterns , abstract geometric patterns dominate. Ornamentation lively and full of change, while losing an inherent unity, and the mischievous shape in keeping with the tacit agreement was 10

points.

4. Sumerian art remains:

① Tamiao Sumerian sites;

② who worship Images;

③ Taurus first harp.

5. Akkad art remains:

① Akkadian king bronze head;

② Nallam Xing Wang Tablet of Merits.

6. New Kingdom of Sumer and Babylon Art remains:

① Gudea's head;

② the Code of Hammurabi Monument.

7. Assyrian art remains:

① Sargon II's palace;

② Sargon II's palace guardian;

③ \

8. New Babylon Art remains:

① \.

9. Persian art remains:

① crowd Stone interview room;

② Persepolis palace platform with relief.

10. Egyptian art of the well-known artistic monuments:

① early dynasty art remains:

\Period Art remains:

a. Pyramid: Masitaba, Qiao Saier Wang trapezoidal pyramid, the Great Pyramid of Giza;

b. \
c. Sculpture: \

③ Middle Kingdom art remains:

a. Mengte He too common grave III temple ceremony;

b. obelisk;

c . 谢努塞尔特 III head.

④ art during the New Kingdom remains:

a. funeral Hatshepsut Temple;

b. Karnak;

c. Lukesuoer temple;

d. akhna swallow statue;

e. mural \World seated.

11. Etruria's contribution to the art in construction and major art monuments;

① Etruria contribution to art in architecture: the first time, the arch structure and Wai columns combine to make the building with a monument bearing;

② main monuments: pottery coffin statue, bronze sculpture, a symbol of the city of Rome, \

12. Rome's main art remains:

① Republic of art during the Roman ruins:

a. combining Greece and Etruria style temple : Fuertunuo? dimensional law Doris Temple;

b. pop portrait sculpture: ;

c. fresco \\

② the Roman Empire, the early and mid-art remains:

a. Public Building: overhead transmission pipes, colosseum Colosseum;

b. Temple: Roman Pantheon;

c. monuments: Titus Arc de Triomphe, Trajan column of Merits;

d. civil construction: \> e. Sculpture: sculpture in the round, like Augustus, high-fat woman, the emperor Trajan, Mark? Aurelius riding as such; relief usually associated with the Arc de Triomphe, Merits columns and altar together;

f . Fayum prints;

g. mosaics.

③ late imperial art remains:

a. Caracalla like;

b. Constantine the Great picture;

c. Jun Constantine Arch of Triumph;

d. Diocletian Palace;

e. Brazil Basilica of Constantine.

13. Africa's leading art remains:

① sub-carvings and rock paintings: St. sheep;

② Nok culture of Nigeria region;

③ old West African kingdom of ancient Ife bronze places: Fay queen like;

④ ancient sculpture of Benin, Nigeria: Princess picture, people blowing horns;

⑤ indigenous tribal art: guard idols, masks.

14. American art of the basic situation:

① North American Indian Art: Serpent mound;

② Mexico's Aztec Art: Pyramid Plaza, Oak Meck giant stone statues;

③ Central America Mayan Art: Uxmal monastery, ancient city of Chichen Itza, reliefs, frescoes;

④ Andes Inca art: the sun gate, Maciu monk City, sculpture.

15. India's major monuments of ancient Buddhist art:

① Sana'a LVL lion stigma;

② Barhoumi Te Fota;

③ Sanchi, the tree of God Yaocha female;

④ Gandhara Art: Katla seated;

⑤ Mathura Art: Mathura Buddha established;

⑥ Ajanta Caves.

16. India's major monuments of ancient Hindu art:

① includes sculpture, including architectural style of southern-style temple: Kailasa Temple was special, rock relief Ganges born, bronze Sculpture Lord of the Dance of Shiva;

② include building carved temples, including the German dry style: Kailasa Temple;

③ includes sculpture,indian curry recipes, including architectural style of northern-style temples.

17. Japanese architecture, sculpture remains:

① temples with Chinese style: Horyuji Jintang, Yakushiji East Tower, Toshodai Jintang Temple, Five Pagoda Temple Room Health;

② sculpture: Buddha 3 Zunxiang;

18. the major monuments of Islamic art:

① famous Mosque: Mosque in Samarra, Spain Cordoba mosque;

② Palace: Alhambra, Spain;

③ tomb: the Taj Mahal.

Chapter medieval European art

(1) key to grasp

1. Gothic architecture features:

① Gothic architecture Features: Gothic art of the highest achievements in construction. Tall, spacious and bright, full manifestation of the religious spirit of the main features of Gothic architecture. Education

Gothic church is the basic structure of cross-rib arch and pointed arch supporting framework constitutes the church, using buttresses to withstand the side thrust of the vault. Stained glass windows instead of the external walls of the church so vague and unpredictable with marvelous light

line. Gothic church is the religious teachings and example of aesthetic concepts closely. For example, Notre Dame rose window inside the center of the symbol of heaven. Is divided into three horizontal facade has, suggesting that the three

one.

② Gothic church representatives: the church of Saint Denis, France, Notre Dame, Reims Cathedral, Amiens Cathedral; Cologne Cathedral; United Kingdom Canterbury Cathedral; Milan, Italy, the main

church.

(b) the master

1. basilica church of the basic characteristics:

Basilica is a type of Roman public buildings, mainly for the hall, the court or market, flat rectangular, from the hall and two side Corridor. Spacious hall, a narrow aisle relatively low

narrow. Hall supporting the wall decorated with mosaics, high lighting a side window, wooden roof structure. This architectural style became a model for imitation of the Christian Church. Church of the Basilica

be modified, added in the hall at one end protruding semi-circular niche as a rear, altar, etc. in front of it. Church hall entrance at one end in the relative. Hall out a steady column section

played flu, along with the people to go to the altar. This spatial arrangement shows the dignity of Christian supremacy. Between the hall and rear hall was added to the ear together, so he formed a cross plane (

Latin cross type).

2. Roman-style building features:

① representatives of Romanesque architecture: France the third church of Cluny, Shengseerning church; Germany Speyer Cathedral; Milan, Italy, San Humblot Qi church, 佛罗伦萨圣米尼 iato church,

Pisa Cathedral; United Kingdom Durham Cathedral;

② characteristics of Romanesque architecture:

Roman-style church has obvious Latin Cross plane. Restored the masonry arch. Form the most significant feature is the tower walls. Outer wall of the church is very simple, no decoration, the roof of a building or buildings

Tower Block. Roman architecture architects invented the \Arch, the church bell tower built

portfolio construction, this is the Romanesque church of the two contributions.

3. Roman sculpture of the main monuments and the artistic features:

① main monuments: the cathedral lintel Orton relief \column \.

4. Gothic sculpture masterpiece:

Simon Chartres cathedral sculpture, Reims Cathedral sculpture, Naumburg church carving, wood carving, \sculpture.

5. Gothic painting masterpiece:

① Chartres, Beauvais Cathedral's stained glass art;

② Giotto's achievements and the masterpiece \\

(c) to understand

1. the main content of early Christian art:

① underground tomb cave: Murals good shepherd

② Basili cassette Church (Latin cross type): Old St. Peter's Church in Rome, Rome, Sheng Sabi that church, clesse the 圣阿波利奈 church;

③ dome centralized church: the Holy Roman Division Stanza church;

④ mosaics: \

2. \Ireland-Saxon \

3. Byzantine art of the main achievements:

① building: Saint Sophia Cathedral (Basilica and the centralized integrated two shapes), St. Mark's Church (the Greek cross type ).

② mosaics: \\

⑤ sculpture: bucket-shaped stigma.

4. Carolingian Renaissance art achievements:

2 as representative of St. Matthew's style of the two manuscripts.

5. Otto representative art works:

① wood, \

6. Bayeux Tapestry from the reflection of the characteristics of Roman painting.

7. representative of the International Gothic: Paolo Maldini is the start-up by the International Gothic style. Limburg brothers and their representatives.

Chapter Renaissance art

(1) key to grasp

1. Italian Renaissance art of the stage, all stages of artistic features, impact: < br>
① Early Renaissance Florence Art:

before the actual three-quarters of the 15 or so years to come, out of a medieval norms, through reason and scientific knowledge, trying to open up creativity in art the situation, so that the phenomenon of living and

scene reflected in the art works, let it be a reproduction of art.

② the Italian High Renaissance Art:

to achieve? Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, on behalf of a group of artists, and further perfected the 15th century Italian explore, to reason and emotion, reality and ideal in the artwork were

got in perfect unity, so that the relationship between form and space was a high degree of harmony, so as to establish the reproducibility of the art, a classic style, to later provided the best example to follow.

③ style Marxist art

Raphael died, a group of young creative artists departed from the High Renaissance ideals and principles of art and discard it this natural, harmonious , a simple art style. Their pursuit of a visual effect

unique, form a strong sense of style. From the works of their hands, often with a deliberately crafted, cold and distant taste, quite subjective and fantasy colors. The art is

like, popular in High Renaissance, the Baroque era before the Marxist art historian known as style.

④ effects: Italy set up by the representation of sexuality with the basic principles of classical art, has been affected after several centuries of European art development.

[Edit this paragraph]


related books

Title:

of foreign art history: Wangshu Liang, Yu-Hua

Press: Chongqing University Press

Publication time: 2010-1-1

ISBN: 9787562452010

Folio: 16 open

Price: 25.00

Introduction of the book Master of the Arts Admission test center fine teaching materials, to the time the main line, a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the history of development and change of foreign art. Is a candidate for obtaining the Master of Arts, professional written exam scores and written test to obtain pro forma book. Book the spirit of \knowledge point.

library catalog of a primitive and ancient art

two medieval European art

3 Renaissance European art

four 17th-century European art
< br> 5 in the 18th century European art

six 19th-century European art

7

20th Century European Art

Nokia various models of code tables - Bowen Preview

Nokia various models of code table August 12, 2010

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0537110 E61 CZ / SK Country Variant Czechoslovakia


0537399 Turkcell Turkey

0536312 Nokia E61 ANZ Country Variant Australia / New Zealand


0534103 Nokia E61 Philippines Country Variant Philippines


0537245 Nokia E61 Smart Operator Variant

0537382 Nokia E61 Globe Operator Variant


0533975 Nokia E61 Eurotel Europe


0537307 Nokia E61 Hong Kong variant of Hong Kong


0537875 Nokia E61 KPN


0531300 E61 Vodafone Ireland Vodafone Ireland


0531299 Nokia E61 Vodafone Business GV Silver Gre


0538166 E61 Pannon Hungary Hungary


0537308 Nokia E61 Proximus

0537459 3 UK E61 Variant


0538116 Nokia_E61_TDC


0538289 E61 UK Country Variant UK


0536050 E61 O2 UK

0537567 Nokia E61 - 3 Australia Asia-Pacific Region 3 Australia


0531298 Nokia E61 Vodafone Business Device - Aust


0536327 Nokia E61 Mobilkom Blackberry


0537876 Nokia_E61_Telenor


0538687 Nokia E61 Hong Kong variant (issue 2) Hong Kong


0538678 Nokia E61 TIM TIM Italy


0537623 3IT E61 Variant

0536550 Nokia E61 Swisscom ger Switzerland

E70 RM-10


0527538 CUSTOM TR APAC-R SINGAPORE Singapore


0517643 CUSTOM TR APAC-S


0527539 CUSTOM TR APAC-S AUSTRALIA Australia


0527542 CUSTOM TR APAC-S INDONESIA Indonesia


0527543 CUSTOM TR APAC-S PHILIPPINES Philippines


0519181 CUSTOM TRANSCEIVER APAC-P


0519275 CUSTOM TRANSCEIVER APAC-Q


0519273 CUSTOM TRANSCEIVER APAC-S Malaysia Malaysia


0519274 CUSTOM TRANSCEIVER APAC-T

N70 RM-84


0524113 taiwan - silver, black


0524114 taiwan-white, purple


0524117 Asia Pacific Edition - white, purple


0524118 Hong Kong


0524119 Philippines - white, purple


0524120 Philippines - silver, black


0524122 Australia, New Zealand - silver, black


0524123 Australia, New Zealand - white, purple


0524126 Indonesia - white, purple


0524127 Indonesia - silver, black


0524128 India, Vietnam - white, purple


0524129 India, Vietnam - silver, black


0524115 Hong Kong - white, purple


0524116 Hong Kong - silver, black


0524124 Thailand - white, purple


0524125 Thailand - silver, black


0534699 Australia / New Zealand


0534678 Philippines


0534654 Indonesia

Music Edition variants: Music Edition


0539266 Apac1 Asia-Pacific Region 1


0539272 Philippines Philippines


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0539353 New Zealand New Zealand


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0539276 India, Vietnam, India / Vietnam


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N70 RM-99


0534239 * China's largest land-RB


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0524133 China Mobile


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N70 customized version


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0535530 Starhub-RB


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0529352 Singtel-white, purple


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0535531 Singtel-RB


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0535529 MobileOne-RB


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0535532 DTAC-RB0529907 Taiwan CV-silver, black

N71 RM-67


0526659 RM-67 CT Thailand Black_Silver Thailand Silver Black


0521299 RM-67 CT APAC1 Singapore Singapore Asia Pacific Region 1


0526574 RM-67 CT APAC2 Philippines-Black_Silver Asia-Pacific region Ⅱ Silver Black


0526652 RM-67 CT APAC2 Australia Black_Silver Asia-Pacific region Ⅱ Silver Black


0526653 RM-67 CT APAC2 New Zealand Black_Silver Asia-Pacific region Ⅱ Silver Black


0526654 RM-67 CT APAC2 Indonesia Black_Silver Bank Indonesia, the Asia-Pacific region Ⅱ Black


0526655 RM-67 CT APAC2 India Black_Silver silver black India Asia-Pacific region Ⅱ


0526657 RM-67 CT APAC1 Malaysia Black_Silver Asia-Pacific Zone 1 Malaysia Black Silver


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N72 RM-180


0531532 Asia Pacific Edition - Black


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0531534 Thailand - Black


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0531536 Philippines - black


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0531538 Indonesia - Black


0531539 Indonesia - Pink


0531540 India, Vietnam - Pink


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N73 RM-133


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0529817: RM-133 CUST.TRX AUSTRALIA (Deep Plum) Australia Deep Purple


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0529829: RM-133 CUST.TRX INDONESIA (Mocha Brown) Indonesian coffee brown


0529830: RM-133 CUST.TRX INDIA (Mocha Brown) Indian brown Coffee


0529831: RM-133 CUST.TRX PHILIPPINES (Mocha Brown) Brown Coffee Philippines


0529833: RM-133 CUST.TRX HONGKONG (Met Red) in Hong Kong


0529834: RM-133 CUST.TRX TAIWAN (Met Red taiwan

N80 RM-92


0527591 Taiwan taiwan


0527495 APAC1 Asia-Pacific


0527497 Australia, New Zealand,easy indian recipes, Australia, New Zealand


0527496 Philippines Philippines


0527499 Indonesia Indonesia


0527500 India, Vietnam, India, Vietnam


0527608 HongKong Hong Kong


0527612 Thailand Thailand

N91 RM-43


0524311 Taiwan Taiwan


0524312 APAC1 Asia-Pacific


0525888 Australia, New Zealand, Australia, New Zealand


0525890 Philippines Philippines


0525887 Indonesia Indonesia


0525889 India, Vietnam, India, Vietnam


0524310 HongKong Hong Kong


0524313 Thailand Thailand

N91 RM-158

0529271 China China


0532129 India / Vietnam / Cambodia India / Vietnam / Cambodia


0532131 Thailand Thailand

N93 RM-55


0531008 RM-55 HONGKONG Pearl Black light Black Hong Kong


0531007 RM-55 Custom TX TAIWAN Pearl Black taiwan light black


0523732 RM-55 Custom TX APAC 1 Pearl Black light Black Asia-Pacific


0531015 RM-55 Custom TX INDONESIA Pearl Black light Black Indonesia


0531010 RM-55 Custom TX AU / NZ Pearl Black, Australia / New Zealand light black


0531009 RM-55 Custom TX PHILIPPINES Pearl Black light black Philippines


0531014 RM-55 Custom TX THAILAND Pearl Black Thai shallow black

N93 RM-153


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China

On the unknown death (2) - Bowen Preview

On the unknown death (2) 14 hours ago

remember when I read an article in the school literary criticism, is about Russia, \period, the woman has no social status, no legal protection, but in this dark time, or that someone was consciousness and resistance, as the article name of the unknown heroine,zero skateboards, she began to resist the unequal rights of men and women in marriage began to male-dominated society to say \At that time I was little, think a bit weird, also can not understand how differences in social ideology seriously.


university, I saw in the bookstore by chance a \, but that day I saw her picture on paper, when the eyes were shocked that determination. Read the book I really felt the meaning of her remark: Born in Pakistan, my life reflects her turmoil, tragedy and triumph. Too many people are paying too much sacrifice,easy indian recipes, and more people look forward to. Originally in the Middle East today, there are still so far away for us, may be too turbulent, assassinations, poverty and political struggle. Since then I saw the sun rising every morning when I will be in my heart full of gratitude, because I know that the sun rises every day of peace for the people of Pakistan that how valuable thing.


India, I have not any interest in him, but after I read the unknown dead, I think this is a similar instability, pessimism and poor countries. Is this country the assassinations, death no law binding it? Why such a big hero and heroine suffer misfortune, the police did not investigate! In addition to the hero and heroine of sympathy and regret, the more there is anger. Maybe it just needs film plot, but I'm still convinced that much of a film to reflect the status of a country.


I am not a politician, I do not have Mother Teresa (the founder of India House of suffering) the kind of apocalyptic realm, I can not comment on a country or a social ideology of the good or bad, I only know, People just need peace and prosperous life. To be very sick, then \